Hardness testing machines perform three common kinds of scientific hardness tests: the Brinell hardness test, the Rockwell hardness test, and the Vickers hardness test. The Rockwell hardness test is ...

Hard water is the type of water that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and ...

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THE new volume of the Journal of the Institute of Metals contains a large number of papers, of which many deal with one aspect or another of the problems of hardness and of cold-working.

Hard and soft water are different because of the minerals they contain. Hard water has more calcium and magnesium. These water minerals can cause limescale, which clogs pipes and damages machines like ...