Correspondence to Dr W Brinjikji, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, OL1-112 SMH, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Brinjikji.waleed{at}mayo.edu Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas ...

All subsequent effects refer to comparisons with sham procedures. For chronic axial spine pain, the following probably provide little to no difference in pain relief (moderate certainty evidence): ...