The northern paper wasp (Polistes fuscatus ... fuscatus and two closely related wasps that don't have facial recognition, P. metricus and P. dorsalis. They found pronounced cognitive changes ...

Some wasps tend to be more aggressive than others, though: Paper wasps, yellowjackets, and bald-faced hornets pose more serious stinging hazards while mud-daubers aren’t as aggressive.

To uncover the genetic basis of wasp face recognition, researchers analyzed gene expression in the brains of paper-wasp species that had been trained to recognize faces and compared that with wasps ...