Cigarette smoke comprises over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and heavy metals such as cadmium.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is defined as severe irreversible kidney damage, measured by the level of proteinuria and a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate to ˂15 ml/min/1.73 m2 ...

Ultimately, these effects contribute to the efficacy of SSKE in treating CKD. Conclusion: These results indicate that SSKE restores intestinal barrier function by regulating the microbiota-gut-kidney ...

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common pathway to End-stage renal disease (ESRD). Podocytes are crucial due to their dual barrier functions in kidney diseases. Their role in renal ...

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Urea nitrogen, also measured in the blood, is removed by the kidneys. Levels above 25 mg/dL are suggestive of kidney failure. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): This number ...

a surrogate marker for impaired kidney filtration. Out of six evaluable patients on that dose, four achieved remission and stable kidney function. A higher 240 mg dose achieved similar results.

What is a kidney scan? A kidney scan is an imaging test that looks at your kidneys. Your health care provider can also see how well blood is flowing in your kidneys. A kidney scan is also called a ...

ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate (measured in ml/min/1.73 m 2 of body surface area); PAH: Para-aminohippurate (marker of renal plasma flow). Reproduced with kind ...

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Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) can occur when bacteria from the urinary tract travel up the urethra and affect one or both kidneys. Sometimes, the bacteria that cause kidney, or renal ...